A post-Flexner comparative case study of medical training responses to health system needs in Brazil and Germany.

Health systems need medical professionals who can and will work in outpatient settings, such as general practitioner practices or health centres. However, medical students complete only a small portion of their medical training there. Furthermore, this type of training is sometimes seen as inferior to training in academic medical centres and university hospitals. Hence, the healthcare system's demand and the execution of medical curricula do not match. Robust concepts for better alignment of both these parts are lacking. This study aims to (1) describe decentral learning environments in the context of traditional medical curricula and (2) derive ideas for implementing such scenarios further in existing curricula in response to particular medicosocietal needs.This study is designed as qualitative cross-national comparative education research. It comprises three steps: first, two author teams consisting of course managers from Brazil and Germany write a report on change management efforts in their respective faculty. Both teams then compare and comment on the other's report. Emerging similarities and discrepancies are categorised. Third, a cross-national analysis is conducted on the category system.Stakeholders of medical education (medical students, teaching faculty, teachers in decentral learning environments) have differing standards, ideals and goals that are influenced by their own socialisation-prominently, Flexner's view of university hospital training as optimal training. We reiterate that both central and decentral learning environments provide meaningful complementary learning opportunities. Medical students must be prepared to navigate social aspects of learning and accept responsibility for communities. They are uniquely positioned to serve as visionaries and university ambassadors to communities. As such, they can bridge the gap between university hospitals and decentral learning environments.

Socio-Economic and Racial profile of Medical Students from a Public University in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Perfil Socioeconômico e Racial de Estudantes de Medicina em uma Universidade Pública do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract: Introduction: There are still many economic and racial barriers for black and indigenous peoples regarding access to a university degree in Brazil. Although Brazil is mistakenly considered a racial democracy, black people, indigenous peoples and those of low social status are the most affected by such difficulties regarding access to the university. Medical schools are traditionally attended by white, wealthy and upper-middle-class groups, although 54% of Brazilians consider themselves to be African descendants. To deal with this scenario, since 2013, 50% of all vacancies in public universities have been reserved for low social classes, indigenous peoples and African descendants. Our objective was to describe the socioeconomic and racial profile of those attending a public medical school in the state of Rio de Janeiro during a five-year period, analyzing the associations between the Brazilian segregationist structure and inclusion policies. Method: A census study was carried out, including all groups that entered the medical school at a public university in the state of Rio de Janeiro between 2013 and 2017. We applied a self-administered questionnaire that addressed social, ethnic, economic and university admission aspects. The data were analyzed by a simple description of the frequencies and by bivariate analysis. Results: The results show that the majority profile is white, with an annual income higher than US$ 8,640, coming from a private school, with financial support from the family, both parents with higher education and no gender difference. As for the inclusion of non-white people into the course, the current quota system has not significantly increased their presence. Conclusion: We conclude that racial inclusion policies subordinated to economic ones seem to be a barrier to the entry of non-whites to medical school, contributing to racial inequality.

Resumo: Introdução: O Brasil continua sendo um país onde persistem muitas barreiras socioeconômicas e raciais para acesso à formação médica. Ainda que o Brasil seja equivocadamente considerado uma democracia racial, pessoas negras, povos indígenas e aqueles de baixo status social são os mais afetados por tais dificuldades de acesso à universidade. As faculdades de Medicina são tradicionalmente ocupadas por grupos brancos, ricos e de classe média alta, embora 54% dos brasileiros se considerem afro-brasileiros. Para lidar com esse cenário, há, desde 2013, a reserva de 50% de todas as vagas em universidades públicas para baixa classe social, povos indígenas e pessoas negras. Nosso objetivo foi descrever o perfil socioeconômico e racial dos ingressantes de uma faculdade de Medicina da Região Sudeste ao longo de cinco anos, analisando as relações entre a estrutura segregacionista brasileira e as políticas de inclusão. Método: Um estudo censitário foi realizado abrangendo todos os grupos que entraram entre 2013 e 2017 na Faculdade de Medicina de uma universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Optamos por aplicar um questionário autoadministrado que aborda aspectos sociais, raciais, econômicos e de admissão em universidades. Os dados foram analisados por uma descrição simples das frequências e por análise bivariada. Resultados: Constatou-se que o perfil majoritário é branco, com renda anual superior a US$ 8.640, proveniente de escola particular, com apoio financeiro da família, ambos os pais com ensino superior e sem diferença de gênero. Quanto à inserção de pessoas não brancas no curso, o atual sistema de cotas não aumentou significativamente a presença dessas pessoas. Conclusão: Políticas de inclusão racial subordinadas à econômica parecem ser uma barreira à entrada de não brancos na Faculdade de Medicina, o que contribui para a desigualdade racial.

Utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil / Use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos residentes na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística de 452 imigrantes haitianos residentes em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, entrevistados entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas e de saúde, hábitos de vida e a utilização dos serviços de saúde. Na análise dos dados foram calculados o teste de Qui-quadrado e a Regressão de Poisson para investigar os fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde. Verificou-se que 45,6% dos entrevistados utilizaram algum serviço de saúde no Brasil, sendo maior a prevalência entre as mulheres, aqueles com maior renda, maior tempo de residência no Brasil, melhor entendimento da língua portuguesa e que autoavaliaram sua saúde como ruim. Os principais serviços utilizados foram Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e atendimento de urgência e emergência públicos. Conclui-se que os imigrantes foram assistidos pelo SUS em acordo com o princípio constitucional do direito à saúde no Brasil.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 452 Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, interviewed between December 2014 and February 2015. Sociodemographic and health characteristics, lifestyle factors, and the use of health services were evaluated. Data analysis included Chi-square test and Poisson regression to investigate the factors associated with the use of health services. We found that 45.6% of respondents used some health service in Brazil, with a higher prevalence of use among women, those with higher income, longer residence time in Brazil, better understanding of the Portuguese language, and with poor self-reported health. The PHC Unit (UBS) and public urgent and emergency care were the primary services used. We conclude by saying that the SUS assisted the immigrants under the Brazilian constitutional principle of the right to health.

Use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil. / Utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil.

This paper aims to analyze the use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 452 Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, interviewed between December 2014 and February 2015. Sociodemographic and health characteristics, lifestyle factors, and the use of health services were evaluated. Data analysis included Chi-square test and Poisson regression to investigate the factors associated with the use of health services. We found that 45.6% of respondents used some health service in Brazil, with a higher prevalence of use among women, those with higher income, longer residence time in Brazil, better understanding of the Portuguese language, and with poor self-reported health. The PHC Unit (UBS) and public urgent and emergency care were the primary services used. We conclude by saying that the SUS assisted the immigrants under the Brazilian constitutional principle of the right to health.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos residentes na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística de 452 imigrantes haitianos residentes em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, entrevistados entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas e de saúde, hábitos de vida e a utilização dos serviços de saúde. Na análise dos dados foram calculados o teste de Qui-quadrado e a Regressão de Poisson para investigar os fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde. Verificou-se que 45,6% dos entrevistados utilizaram algum serviço de saúde no Brasil, sendo maior a prevalência entre as mulheres, aqueles com maior renda, maior tempo de residência no Brasil, melhor entendimento da língua portuguesa e que autoavaliaram sua saúde como ruim. Os principais serviços utilizados foram Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e atendimento de urgência e emergência públicos. Conclui-se que os imigrantes foram assistidos pelo SUS em acordo com o princípio constitucional do direito à saúde no Brasil.

La salud de trabajadores inmigrantes haitianos en Mato Grosso, Brasil: vulnerabilidades y riesgos / The health of Haitian immigrant workers in Mato Grosso, Brazil: vulnerabilities and risks

RESUMEN Se describen las relaciones entre inmigración, salud, trabajo y ambiente con el objetivo de analizar la inserción de inmigrantes haitianos en procesos productivos de Mato Grosso, destacando los riesgos para la salud y las vulnerabilidades socioambientales. Se trata de una investigación-acción desarrollada junto a la comunidad haitiana, organizaciones de la sociedad e instituciones del Estado. En 2014 y 2015 se aplicó un cuestionario a población haitiana de la ciudad de Cuiabá (capital del estado de Mato Grosso), para caracterizar sus condiciones de vida y trabajo. Además, se relevaron datos de distintas instituciones y el registro de empleadores que sometieron a trabajadores a condiciones de esclavitud contemporánea. Los resultados muestran 2.151 trabajadores haitianos registrados en el mercado formal de trabajo en 2014, distribuidos en 27 municipios de Mato Grosso. Dos sectores económicos se destacaron en la absorción de trabajadores haitianos: las industrias de transformación (principalmente frigoríficos) y la construcción civil. Entre los 452 haitianos entrevistados, el 52,7% estaba trabajando y el 26,5% mencionó una carga horaria semanal superior a 48 horas. El estudio indica la fragilidad de la inserción social de esta población, la cual se expresa en la presencia de haitianos en áreas y procesos productivos de alto riesgo socioambiental.

ABSTRACT The relationships among immigration, health, work and environment are explored with the aim of analyzing the insertion of Haitian immigrants in the productive processes of Mato Grosso, highlighting health risks and socioenvironmental vulnerabilities. An action research study was carried out in conjunction with the Haitian community, social organizations and State institutions. In 2014 and 2015, a questionnaire was applied among the Haitian population of the city of Cuiabá (capital state of Mato Grosso) to characterize living and working conditions. In addition, data from different institutions and the registry of employers that submitted workers to conditions of modern-day slavery were analyzed. The results include 2,151 Haitian workers involved in the formal labor market in 2014, distributed in 27 municipalities of Mato Grosso. Two economic sectors in particular absorbed Haitian workers: transformative industries (especially meat processing plants) and civil construction. Among the 452 Haitians interviewed, 52.7% were working and 26.5% reported a workweek longer than 48 hours. The study shows the fragility of the social insertion of this population, expressed through the presence of Haitians in areas and productive processes of high social risk.

Políticas de austeridade fiscal: tentativa de desmantelamento do Sistema Nacional de Salud da Espanha e resistência cidadã / Austerity measures on fiscal policy: an attempt to dismantle the Spanish National Health System and citizen resistance

Resumo Este ensaio de natureza teórica analisa os ajustes fiscais colocados em marcha na Espanha como resposta à crise financeira de 2008, suas implicações para o Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) e a consequente resistência cidadã. Elaboramos um estudo de caso tendo como fonte primária a narrativa de um ator social que participou da reforma espanhola. Utilizamos também fontes secundárias para coleta de dados socioeconômicos e a análise de 20 artigos publicados pelo Relatório Sespas 2014. O SNS formou-se por aumento progressivo da cobertura populacional, financiamento total por impostos e organização da rede por meio da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS). As medidas de austeridade fiscal impuseram limitações de ordem orçamentária, reduziram a provisão de serviços, introduziram copagamentos e retrocederam o direito à saúde à meritocracia. A corrente crítica da economia política sinaliza que o propósito dos ajustes econômicos é a transferência regressiva de renda e riqueza. As Mareas Ciudadanas constituíram-se numa resposta cidadã com êxito em muitas lutas sociais contra a austeridade fiscal. A alternativa de resistência e superação pela via política se fez presente com vigor na Espanha e tem resistido ao desmantelamento do SNS.

Abstract This theoretical essay analyzes the fiscal measures adopted in Spain as a response to the economic crisis of 2008, its implications to the Spanish National Health System (SNS) and the social response. We performed a case study having as primary source of information the narrative of a social actor who participated in the Spanish reform. We also used secondary sources to gather socioeconomic data and performed a literature review of 20 articles published in the 2014 Sespas Report. SNS was implemented by a progressive growth of healthcare coverage, complete funding by taxes and Primary Health Care-based organization. Austerity measures imposed cuts on the health care budget, reduced the roll of services delivered, introduced co-payments, and moved the universal coverage back to meritocracy. Critical political economy pointed out that the purpose of the measures on fiscal policy is to regressively redistribute income and wealth. The Mareas Ciudadanas constituted themselves as a citizen response with success in many social struggles against austerity. The alternative of resistance and overcoming through a political path is strongly present in Spain and is resisting the dismantling of SNS.

Socioeconomic and Health Profile of Haitian Immigrants in a Brazilian Amazon State.

We analyzed the sociodemographic profile, migration journey, health conditions, and health care access and utilization among recent Haitian immigrants to the Brazilian Amazon state of Mato Grosso. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 452 Haitians. We administered a bilingual questionnaire from December 2014 to February 2015. Data were analyzed using chi square tests to evaluate differences among groups. The majority of participants were married men younger than 35 years old. They mostly came from the Haiti's Artibonite Department, living in Brazil for less than a year. Half of the participants were employed at the time of the interviews, and 81.8% relied exclusively on the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System for medical care. The overall health profile and health care access were good. Haitian migration to Brasil is a case of South-South migration driven by economic needs. Our population had good health status despite socioeconomic challenges.

Negotiating horizontality in medical South-South cooperation: The Cuban mission in Rio de Janeiro's urban peripheries.

For more than 50 years, Cuba has been one of the most important players in the field of international medical cooperation in the Global South. Between 2013 and 2016, Cuba maintained one of its largest cooperations with Brazil: nearly 11,400 Cuban physicians were sent to work within the framework of the Brazilian health programme 'More-Doctors-for-Brazil', which was implemented to improve Brazil's precarious public health sector. This paper inquires into the manifold challenges of horizontal connectivity in this medical South-South cooperation. We will trace these back to deep-rooted contentions about the epistemological approaches to medical practice and professional recognition within and between Cuban and Brazilian arenas of public health, which do not, however, conform to a simplistic socialism-capitalism dichotomy. Rather, this particular South-South cooperation reveals significant differences in how powerful the postcolonial legacies of medical assistance remain in Global Health settings. This paper explores how these legacies may impact on the moral and professional legitimacy of the individuals involved in South-South partnership. Using ethnographic findings in newly established family clinics situated in urban poverty regions in Rio de Janeiro's North, we will also show how prolonged local interactions may create new spaces of horizontal encounters and connectivity in international medical cooperation.

[The health of Haitian immigrant workers in Mato Grosso, Brazil: vulnerabilities and risks]. / La salud de trabajadores inmigrantes haitianos en Mato Grosso, Brasil: vulnerabilidades y riesgos.

The relationships among immigration, health, work and environment are explored with the aim of analyzing the insertion of Haitian immigrants in the productive processes of Mato Grosso, highlighting health risks and socioenvironmental vulnerabilities. An action research study was carried out in conjunction with the Haitian community, social organizations and State institutions. In 2014 and 2015, a questionnaire was applied among the Haitian population of the city of Cuiabá (capital state of Mato Grosso) to characterize living and working conditions. In addition, data from different institutions and the registry of employers that submitted workers to conditions of modern-day slavery were analyzed. The results include 2,151 Haitian workers involved in the formal labor market in 2014, distributed in 27 municipalities of Mato Grosso. Two economic sectors in particular absorbed Haitian workers: transformative industries (especially meat processing plants) and civil construction. Among the 452 Haitians interviewed, 52.7% were working and 26.5% reported a workweek longer than 48 hours. The study shows the fragility of the social insertion of this population, expressed through the presence of Haitians in areas and productive processes of high social risk.

Se describen las relaciones entre inmigración, salud, trabajo y ambiente con el objetivo de analizar la inserción de inmigrantes haitianos en procesos productivos de Mato Grosso, destacando los riesgos para la salud y las vulnerabilidades socioambientales. Se trata de una investigación-acción desarrollada junto a la comunidad haitiana, organizaciones de la sociedad e instituciones del Estado. En 2014 y 2015 se aplicó un cuestionario a población haitiana de la ciudad de Cuiabá (capital del estado de Mato Grosso), para caracterizar sus condiciones de vida y trabajo. Además, se relevaron datos de distintas instituciones y el registro de empleadores que sometieron a trabajadores a condiciones de esclavitud contemporánea. Los resultados muestran 2.151 trabajadores haitianos registrados en el mercado formal de trabajo en 2014, distribuidos en 27 municipios de Mato Grosso. Dos sectores económicos se destacaron en la absorción de trabajadores haitianos: las industrias de transformación (principalmente frigoríficos) y la construcción civil. Entre los 452 haitianos entrevistados, el 52,7% estaba trabajando y el 26,5% mencionó una carga horaria semanal superior a 48 horas. El estudio indica la fragilidad de la inserción social de esta población, la cual se expresa en la presencia de haitianos en áreas y procesos productivos de alto riesgo socioambiental.

Negotiating horizontality in medical South–South cooperation: the Cuban mission in Rio de Janeiro’s urban peripheries

For more than 50 years, Cuba has been one of the most important players in the field of international medical cooperation in the Global South. Between 2013 and 2016, Cuba maintained one of its largest cooperations with Brazil: nearly 11,400 Cuban physicians were sent to work within the framework of the Brazilian health programme ‘More-Doctors-for-Brazil’, which was implemented to improve Brazil’s precarious public health sector. This paper inquires into the manifold challenges of horizontal connectivity in this medical South–South cooperation. We will trace these back to deep-rooted contentions about the epistemological approaches to medical practice and professional recognition within and between Cuban and Brazilian arenas of public health, which do not, however, conform to a simplistic socialism–capitalism dichotomy. Rather, this particular South–South cooperation reveals significant differences in how powerful the postcolonial legacies of medical assistance remain in Global Health settings. This paper explores how these legacies may impact on the moral and professional legitimacy of the individuals involved in South–South partnership. Using ethnographic findings in newly established family clinics situated in urban poverty regions in Rio de Janeiro’s North, we will also show how prolonged local interactions may create new spaces of horizontal encounters and connectivity in international medical cooperation.

[International migration, health, and work: an analysis of Haitians in Mato Grosso State, Brazil]. / Migração internacional, saúde e trabalho: uma análise sobre os haitianos em Mato Grosso, Brasil.

This article addresses the relations between immigration, health, and work in Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, emphasizing their work conditions. This was an exploratory study based on primary data collected through a survey of the Haitian population in Cuiabá in 2014-2015. A total of 452 Haitians were interviewed, living in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande (373 men and 79 women), and the findings point to the precarious social situation of Haitian immigrants in Mato Grosso State, marked by high unemployment. Of the immigrants interviewed, 52.7% were currently working and 26.5% reported a workweek greater than 48 hours. The two main occupations for Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá were construction and services, and most were working below their original level of training, skills sets, and job experience in Haiti. The main risks identified in these two sectors were physical (53.2% and 63.4%, respectively) and accidents (23.4% and 17.1%, respectively), in addition to reports of physical and psychosocial distress. The study points to the precarious social, economic, and labor conditions of the Haitian population in the capital of Mato Grosso.

Migração internacional, saúde e trabalho: uma análise sobre os haitianos em Mato Grosso, Brasil / International migration, health, and work: an analysis of Haitians in Mato Grosso State, Brazil / Migración internacional, salud y trabajo: un análisis sobre los haitianos en Mato Grosso, Brasil

Este artigo aborda as relações entre imigração, saúde e trabalho e tem o objetivo de caracterizar a população de imigrantes haitianos em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brasil, destacando suas condições de trabalho. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com base em dados primários, coletados por meio de um inquérito aplicado à população haitiana em Cuiabá em 2014-2015. Foram entrevistados 452 haitianos residentes em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande (sendo 373 homens e 79 mulheres), e os resultados indicaram uma precária situação social dos imigrantes haitianos no Estado de Mato Grosso, marcada por elevada proporção de desemprego. Dos imigrantes entrevistados, 52,7% estavam trabalhando e 26,5% relataram carga horária semanal superior a 48 horas. Os dois principais grupos de ocupações exercidos por imigrantes haitianos em Cuiabá foram a construção civil e o setor de serviços e a maioria dos trabalhadores exerciam funções aquém da sua formação e profissões exercidas no Haiti. Os principais riscos percebidos nesses dois setores foram físicos (53,2% e 63,4%, respectivamente) e de acidentes (23,4% e 17,1%, respectivamente) e também foram relatadas manifestações de sofrimento físico e psicossocial. Essa pesquisa aponta para a precária condição social, econômica e laboral da população haitiana na capital mato-grossense.

This article addresses the relations between immigration, health, and work in Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, emphasizing their work conditions. This was an exploratory study based on primary data collected through a survey of the Haitian population in Cuiabá in 2014-2015. A total of 452 Haitians were interviewed, living in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande (373 men and 79 women), and the findings point to the precarious social situation of Haitian immigrants in Mato Grosso State, marked by high unemployment. Of the immigrants interviewed, 52.7% were currently working and 26.5% reported a workweek greater than 48 hours. The two main occupations for Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá were construction and services, and most were working below their original level of training, skills sets, and job experience in Haiti. The main risks identified in these two sectors were physical (53.2% and 63.4%, respectively) and accidents (23.4% and 17.1%, respectively), in addition to reports of physical and psychosocial distress. The study points to the precarious social, economic, and labor conditions of the Haitian population in the capital of Mato Grosso.

Este artículo aborda las relaciones entre inmigración, salud y trabajo y tiene el objetivo de caracterizar la población de inmigrantes haitianos en Cuiabá y Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brasil, destacando sus condiciones de trabajo. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, basado en datos primarios, recogidos mediante una encuesta aplicada a la población haitiana en Cuiabá en 2014/2015. Se entrevistó a 452 haitianos, residentes en Cuiabá y Várzea Grande (siendo 373 hombres y 79 mujeres), y los resultados indicaron una precaria situación social de los inmigrantes haitianos en el estado de Mato Grosso, marcada por la elevada proporción de desempleo. Dos inmigrantes entrevistados, 52,7% estaban trabajando y un 26,5% informaron de una carga horaria semanal superior a las 48 horas. Los dos principales grupos de ocupaciones, ejercidos por inmigrantes haitianos en Cuiabá, fueron a la construcción civil y el sector de servicios. Además, la mayoría de los trabajadores ejercían funciones más allá de su formación y profesiones ejercidas en Haití. Los principales riesgos percibidos en esos dos sectores fueron físicos (53,2% e 63,4%, respectivamente) y de accidentes (23,4% y 17,1%, respectivamente) y también fueron relatadas manifestaciones de sufrimiento físico y psicosocial. Esta investigación apunta a la precaria condición social, económica y laboral de la población haitiana en la capital mato-grossense.

Analysis of the experience of Cuban physicians in a Brazilian metropolis in accordance with the Paideia Method. / Análise da experiência de médicos cubanos numa metrópole brasileira segundo o Método Paideia.

We had hoped that the Mais Médicos Program (More Doctors Program) would have generated several changes and reflections in each municipality in which it was deployed. In order to observe those changes, we sought to analyze the experience of Cuban physicians in the Mais Médicos program from an actor-centered perspective, based on the Paideia Method - an approach that seeks to enhance the ability of the subjects to analyze and intervene in their practice. We performed semi-structured interviews to analyze our research object that consisted in the experience of those actors included professionally in the Mais Médicos program in a metropolis with unique characteristics. In order to assess the interviews, we applied Content Analysis followed by Thematic Analysis. From the discourse of the actors, of which illustrative excerpts are transcribed in this article, we can affirm that the program's potential surpassed any initial barriers, presenting itself as fine-tuning instrument for replacing the biomedical model in line with the Paideia Method.

Análise da experiência de médicos cubanos numa metrópole brasileira segundo o Método Paideia / Analysis of the experience of Cuban physicians in a Brazilian metropolis in accordance with the Paideia Method

Resumo Esperávamos que o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) tivesse provocado mudanças e reflexões diversas em cada município onde foi inserido. A fim de observar tais mudanças, buscamos analisar a experiência dos médicos cubanos de trabalho no PMM numa perspectiva centrada em atores, orientados pelo Método Paideia – metodologia que busca aumentar a capacidade dos sujeitos de analisar e intervir sobre a práxis. Lançamos mão de entrevistas semiestruturadas para perscrutar nosso objeto de pesquisa, que se constitui na experiência desses atores sociais inseridos profissionalmente no PMM numa metrópole com características singulares. Trabalhamos o material empírico instruídos pela Análise de Conteúdo e procedemos a Análise Temática. A partir do discurso dos sujeitos podemos dizer que as potencialidades do programa ultrapassaram barreiras iniciais, apresentando-se como uma ferramenta de tensão para a superação do modelo biomédico, em consonância com o método Paideia.

Abstract We had hoped that the Mais Médicos Program (More Doctors Program) would have generated several changes and reflections in each municipality in which it was deployed. In order to observe those changes, we sought to analyze the experience of Cuban physicians in the Mais Médicos program from an actor-centered perspective, based on the Paideia Method – an approach that seeks to enhance the ability of the subjects to analyze and intervene in their practice. We performed semi-structured interviews to analyze our research object that consisted in the experience of those actors included professionally in the Mais Médicos program in a metropolis with unique characteristics. In order to assess the interviews, we applied Content Analysis followed by Thematic Analysis. From the discourse of the actors, of which illustrative excerpts are transcribed in this article, we can affirm that the program's potential surpassed any initial barriers, presenting itself as fine-tuning instrument for replacing the biomedical model in line with the Paideia Method.

O que ele admira é a ditadura: discurso da mídia sobre o Programa Mais Médicos no Brasil / What he admires is dictatorship: media discourse about the More Doctors Program in Brazil

Este trabalho analisa a construção discursiva dos estereótipos imbricados na discussão sobre o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) no Brasil, com foco na discriminação dos médicos cubanos. Com base na teoria da Análise de Discurso, filiada às pesquisas que têm como principal autor Michel Pêcheux. O corpus da pesquisa é composto por textos veiculados nos meios de comunicação brasileiros em torno da polêmica discussão com repercussão significativa a partir de 2013, quando foi sancionada a Lei 12.871, que instituiu o Programa Federal Mais Médicos, que tem como um de seus objetivos contratar médicos para atuarem em cidades com carência no serviço básico de saúde. O enunciado que provoca as análises foi escrito por jornalistas da Revista Veja numa reportagem intitulada: O que Ele Admira é a Ditadura.

Este trabajo analiza la construcción discursiva de los estereotipos imbricadas en la discusión sobre el Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) en el Brasil, con foco en la discriminación de los médicos cubanos. Con base en la teoría del Análisis del Discurso, asociada a las investigaciones que tienen como principal autor Michel Pêcheux. El corpus de la investigación es compuesto por textos publicados en los medios de comunicación brasileros en relación de la polémica discusión con repercusión significativa a partir de 2013, cuando fue sancionada la Ley 12.871, que instituyo el Programa Federal Mais Médicos, que tiene como uno de sus objetivos contratar médicos para actuar en ciudades con carencia de profesionales en los servicios de Atención Básica de salud. El enunciado que provoca los análisis fue escrito por periodistas de la Revista Veja en un reportaje intitulado: Lo que Él Admira es la Dictadura.

Análisis del reclutamiento internacional de profesionales de salud para el Programa Más Médicos del Brasil

Analizamos el eje de provisión de emergencia de médicos del Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) bajo el enfoque de Gestión de Flujos de Profesionales de Salud. Se utilizaron métodos cualitativos mediante cuestionarios semi-estruturados para la recolección de los datos. Se entrevistó a profesionales del Sistema Único de Salud encargados de la gestión local del PMM y de la inserción de los profesionales reclutados en los servicios de salud en dos estados de Brasil. Evaluamos el PMM como un programa de ampliación de la cobertura, como resultado de la contratación y fijación de médicos en áreas aisladas y metropolitanas. La percepción del trabajo de los médicos fue positiva. El PMM se caracteriza como una acción de gestión de flujos útil para el aprovisionamiento de emergencia de médicos, y es bien valorado por los participantes en la investigación.

[Vocational Health Schools (ETSUS) in Brazil: regulation of the integration of teaching-service-administrative sustainability of ETSUS]. / Escolas Técnicas do SUS (ETSUS) no Brasil: regulação da integração ensino serviço e sustentabilidade administrativa.

The scope of this study was to discuss the administrative sustainability of Brazil's Vocational Health Schools (ETSUS) based on the principle of teaching and service integration, which brings a new dimension to healthcare work as yet unregulated by Brazilian public administration. It was a qualitative study using case study methodology. The research involved a semi-structured questionnaire given to ETSUS managers addressing institutional, administrative, and work management aspects. The sample was composed of 6 ETSUS that belong to the Network of Vocational Health Schools (RET-SUS). The ETSUS showed centralized planning and management, and decentralized implementation of their core activities. The majority did not have administrative autonomy and relied heavily on funding from the federal government. According to ETSUS managers, the lack of regulation of teaching activities by civil servants weakens the management of ETSUS. The ETSUS have managerial problems related to teaching-service integration, which has to be regulated in order to guarantee the sustainability of these schools and avoid conflicts with Brazilian legislation.

Escolas Técnicas do SUS (ETSUS) no Brasil: regulação da integração ensino serviço e sustentabilidade administrativa / Vocational Health Schools (ETSUS) in Brazil: regulation of the integration of teaching-service-administrative sustainability of ETSUS

O objetivo deste artigo foi discutir a sustentabilidade administrativa das Escolas Técnicas do SUS (ETSUS) a partir do princípio da integração ensino serviço, que traz uma nova dimensão do trabalho na saúde ainda não regulada pela administração pública brasileira. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de questionário semiestruturado junto aos gestores das ETSUS, abordando aspectos institucionais, administrativos e de gestão do trabalho. O universo amostral foi de 6 ETSUS pertencentes à Rede de Escolas Técnicas do SUS (RET-SUS). As ETSUS apresentaram gestão e planejamento centralizados e execução descentralizada de sua atividade fim, em sua maioria sem autonomia administrativa e altamente dependente de financiamento do governo federal. Segundo os gestores das escolas, a falta de regulação da atividade docente por servidor público fragiliza a gestão das ETSUS. Estas instituições apresentam problemas de gestão relacionados à integração ensino serviço, que precisa ser regulamentada para conferir sustentabilidade às escolas e evitar contradições com a legislação brasileira.

The scope of this study was to discuss the administrative sustainability of Brazil's Vocational Health Schools (ETSUS) based on the principle of teaching and service integration, which brings a new dimension to healthcare work as yet unregulated by Brazilian public administration. It was a qualitative study using case study methodology. The research involved a semi-structured questionnaire given to ETSUS managers addressing institutional, administrative, and work management aspects. The sample was composed of 6 ETSUS that belong to the Network of Vocational Health Schools (RET-SUS). The ETSUS showed centralized planning and management, and decentralized implementation of their core activities. The majority did not have administrative autonomy and relied heavily on funding from the federal government. According to ETSUS managers, the lack of regulation of teaching activities by civil servants weakens the management of ETSUS. The ETSUS have managerial problems related to teaching-service integration, which has to be regulated in order to guarantee the sustainability of these schools and avoid conflicts with Brazilian legislation.

Anatomia da privatização neoliberal do Sistema Único de Saúde: o papel das organizações sociais de saúde / Anatomy of neoliberal privatization of the National Health System: the role of social health organizations

Privatizar o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) significa alienar o direito à saúde ao capital financeiro. O objetivo deste livro foi identificar as peças que compõe a privatização do SUS, considerando a luta do subsistema público de saúde contra o neoliberalismo no Brasil, sem financiamento adequado e autonomia administrativa. O subsistema privado de saúde brasileiro e a indústria médico-hospitalar encontraram, nas Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS), o arcabouço jurídico-legal para participar do financiamento público da saúde, bem como utilizar das estruturas públicas para atender às suas demandas.

Desafios e perspectivas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) diante do Neoliberalismo / Brazilian Unified Healthcare System facing neoliberalism: challenges and perspectives

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma abordagem crítica do SUS diante dos desafios impostos pelo neoliberalismo na década de 90, sistematizando o fenômeno da privatização do sistema público de saúde brasileiro e, ao mesmo tempo, colocar em perspectiva a viabilidade do SUS diante da hegemonia econômica e política neoliberal no mundo e no Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo de caso tendo como objeto de análise o fenômeno da privatização do SUS instituída por políticas dos governos neoliberais na década de 1990. Realizou-se uma narrativa analítica tendo como trama a privatização neoliberal do SUS. Utilizou-se da observação participante para categorizar os fatos relacionados ao objeto de estudo durante a XIV Conferência Nacional de Saúde realizada em Brasília entre 30/11/2011 a 04/12/2011 de sorte dissecar as peças da privatização do SUS. Em relação à análise das Escolas Técnicas e Centros Formadores do SUS (ETSUS), realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de seis ETSUS pertencentes à Rede de Escolas Técnicas do SUS (RETSUS). A privatização dos sistemas de saúde em países como Argentina, Chile, Colômbia e México foi consequência da ofensiva neoliberal das transnacionais do complexo médico-industrial dos Estados Unidos na década de 90. No Brasil, essas políticas conflitam com as políticas do SUS, em que as limitações no financiamento e a falta de autonomia administrativa tornaram-se as vias principais de privatização da saúde brasileira. A privatização do SUS dar-se-ia pela sua desconfiguração institucional e fragmentação do acesso à saúde pela população. As Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS) se estabeleceram como alternativa neoliberal para a administração dos serviços de saúde e recursos do SUS. A eficiência dessas organizações foi contestada pelo relatório do Tribunal de Contas do Estado de São Paulo. As ETSUS apresentaram limitações de ordem administrativa por postularem uma nova dimensão do espaço de trabalho não regulada pela administração...

The aim of this study was to carry a critical approach to the Brazilian Unified Health Care System (SUS in Portuguese) that has faced challenges enforced by neoliberalism since its implementation in late 80’s, focusing on the SUS’s privatization phenomenon. It was also conducted a perspective analyses of the SUS’ feasibility under neoliberal polices. It came about through a case study having as object of study the phenomenon of SUS’s privatization. During the 14th Brazilian National Heath Care Conference, that took place in Brasília from November 30th to December 4th 2011, was carried out a participatory observation in order to outline an analytical narrative about the SUS’s privatization, building a tale of that phenomenon. Regarding to Technical Health Care Schools and Training Centers (ETSUS) was conducted semi-structured interviews with ETSUS’s managers in six schools belonging to the Brazilian Network of Technical Health Care Schools (RETSUS in Portuguese). The neoliberal hegemony and the medical industry complex of the United States brought about the privatization of healthcare systems in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico in 90’s. In Brazil those polices conflicted against SUS policies causing budget constrains and lack of managerial autonomy that became the main stream of privatization throughout Brazilian healthcare system. SUS’s privatization would have been made possible both by its institutional des characterization and fragmentation of the delivering services network. Private non-profit organizations called Health Social Organizations (OSS in Portuguese) have become a neoliberal alternative to manage SUS’s services and resources. The efficiency of those organizations was contested in a report released by the Public Administration Court of São Paulo State in Brazil. The ETSUS show weaknesses related to managerial framework, which postulate to public administration in Brazil a new dimension of workspace yet not...